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Lesson 18 N5

Potential Form

Learn to express ability and possibility with the potential form and nominalization.

Potential form conjugation 〜ことができます (can do) Nominalization with こと Expressing ability

The Potential Form

The potential form expresses the ability or possibility to do something ("can do").

Verb Type Dictionary Potential Rule
う verbs 書く 書ける う→える
う verbs 話す 話せる す→せる
う verbs 読む 読める む→める
う verbs 買う 買える う→える
る verbs 食べる 食べられる る→られる
る verbs 見る 見られる る→られる
Irregular する できる -
Irregular 来る 来られる (こられる) -
Examples
Nihongo ga hanasemasu. I can speak Japanese.
Kanji ga yomemasu ka. Can you read kanji?
Koko de oyogemasu. You can swim here.
Particle Note

With the potential form, the object is often marked with が instead of を, though を is also acceptable in modern Japanese.

Alternative: 〜ことができます

Another way to express ability is using the dictionary form + .

Pattern
Verb (dictionary) + ことができます
Can [verb] / Be able to [verb]
Examples
Nihongo o hanasu koto ga dekimasu. I can speak Japanese.
Koko de kuruma o tomeru koto ga dekimasen. You cannot park a car here.
Intaanetto de yoyaku suru koto ga dekimasu. You can make a reservation on the internet.

Nominalization with こと

turns verbs into noun phrases (nominalization), allowing verbs to be used as subjects or objects.

Examples
Hon o yomu koto ga suki desu. I like reading books.
Mainichi undou suru koto wa taisetsu desu. Exercising every day is important.
Shumi wa eiga o miru koto desu. My hobby is watching movies.

Expressing Experience: 〜ことがあります

Use the past tense (た form) + to express past experience ("have done before").

Pattern
Verb (た form) + ことがあります
Have [verb]-ed before
Examples
Nihon ni itta koto ga arimasu. I have been to Japan.
Fuji-san o mita koto ga arimasu ka. Have you ever seen Mt. Fuji?
Sushi o tabeta koto ga arimasen. I have never eaten sushi.