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Lesson 20 N5

Plain Form

Learn the plain (casual) form of verbs, adjectives, and nouns for informal speech.

Plain verb forms Plain adjective forms Casual speech Dictionary vs polite

Understanding Plain Form

Japanese has two main speech levels: polite (です/ます) for formal situations, and plain (dictionary/casual) for informal contexts. The plain form is essential for many grammar patterns.

When to Use Plain Form
  • Talking to close friends and family
  • Internal thoughts and diary entries
  • As part of grammar patterns (quotations, conditionals, etc.)

Plain Verb Forms

Each polite form has a plain equivalent:

Tense Polite Plain Example
Present Aff. 〜ます Dictionary 食べる、行く
Present Neg. 〜ません 〜ない 食べない、行かない
Past Aff. 〜ました 〜た 食べた、行った
Past Neg. 〜ませんでした 〜なかった 食べなかった、行かなかった
Examples
Ashita, eiga o miru? Are you watching a movie tomorrow?
Kinou wa nani mo tabenakatta. I didn't eat anything yesterday.

Plain Forms of です

The copula です also has plain forms:

Tense Polite Plain
Present Aff. です
Present Neg. じゃありません じゃない
Past Aff. でした だった
Past Neg. じゃありませんでした じゃなかった
Examples
Kare wa gakusei da. He's a student.
Kinou wa yasumi datta. Yesterday was a day off.

Plain Adjective Forms

い-adjectives
(no change from dictionary)
(was expensive)
(not expensive)
な-adjectives
(is quiet)
(was quiet)
(not quiet)